Novel disposable and portable 3D-printed electrochemical apparatus for fast and selective screening of 25E-NBOH in forensic samples.

The advent of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has caused enormous difficulty for legal control since they are rapidly commercialized, and their chemical structures are routinely altered. In this aspect, derivatives phenethylamines, such as 25E-NBOH, have received great attention in the forensic scenario. Hence, we propose portable and cost-effective (U$ 5.00) 3D-printed devices for the electrochemical screening of 25E-NBOH for the first time. The cell and all electrodes were printed using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filament (insulating material) and conductive filament (graphite embedded in a polylactic acid matrix), respectively, both by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. The electrochemical apparatus enables micro-volume analysis (50-2000 µL), especially important for low sample volumes. A mechanistic route for the electrochemical oxidation of 25E-NBOH is proposed based on cyclic voltammetric data, which showed two oxidation processes around +0.75 V and +1.00 V and a redox pair between +0.2 and -0.2 V (vs. graphite ink pseudo-reference). A fast and sensitive square-wave voltammetry method was developed, which exhibited a linear working range from 0.85 to 5.1 µmoL-1, detection limit of 0.2 µmol L-1, and good intra-electrode precision (n = 10, RSD <5.3 %). Inter-electrode measurements (n = 3, RSD <9.8 %) also attested that the electrode production process is reproducible. Interference tests in the presence of other drugs frequently found in blotting paper indicated high selectivity of the electrochemical method for screening of 25E-NBOH. Screening analysis of blotting paper confirmed the presence of 25E-NBOH in the seized samples. Moreover, a recovery percentage close to 100 % was found for a spiked saliva sample, suggesting the method's usefulness for quantitative purposes aimed at information on recent drug use.

Simple and selective screening method for the synthetic cathinone MDPT in forensic samples using carbon nanofiber screen-printed electrodes.

3',4'-Methylenedioxy-N-tert-butylcathinone (MDPT), also known as tBuONE or D-Tertylone, is a synthetic cathinone (SC) frequently abused for recreational purposes due to its potent stimulant effects and similarity to illegal substances like methamphetamine and ecstasy. The structural diversity and rapid introduction of new SC analogs to the market poses significant challenges for law enforcement and analytical methods for preliminary screening of illicit drugs. In this work, we present, for the first time, the electrochemical detection of MDPT using screen-printed electrodes modified with carbon nanofibers (SPE-CNF). MDPT exhibited three electrochemical processes (two oxidations and one reduction) on SPE-CNF. The proposed method for MDPT detection was optimized in 0.2 mol L-1 Britton-Robinson buffer solution at pH 10.0 using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The SPE-CNF showed a high stability for electrochemical responses of all redox processes of MDPT using the same or different electrodes, with relative standard deviations less than 4.7% and 1.5% (N = 3) for peak currents and peak potentials, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method provided a wide linear range for MDPT determination (0.90-112 µmol L-1) with low LOD (0.26 µmol L-1). Interference studies for two common adulterants, caffeine and paracetamol, and ten other illicit drugs, including amphetamine-like compounds and different SCs, showed that the proposed sensor is highly selective for the preliminarily identification of MDPT in seized forensic samples. Therefore, SPE-CNF with DPV can be successfully applied as a fast and simple screening method for MDPT identification in forensic analysis, addressing the significant challenges posed by the structural diversity of SCs.

Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1076 as new cocaine cutting agents: A COVID-19 pandemic impact on cocaine profiling and trafficking in Brazil.

BACKGROUNDS: Restrictions in movement and closure of borders imposed by the Sars-Cov- 2 worldwide pandemic have affected the global illicit drug market, including cocaine trafficking. In this scenario, comparing cutting agents added to the cocaine and the drug purity are valuable strategies to understand how the drug trade has been impacted by the pandemic. METHODS: In this work, 204 cocaine salt materials seized in the Brazilian Federal District, before (2019) and during COVID-19 pandemics (2020) were analyzed by two analytical techniques: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical analyses, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were applied to evaluate the COVID-19 pandemic impact in the local market. Bibliometric analysis was performed as a forensic intelligence tool. RESULTS: From 2019-2020, cocaine average purity decreased 26 % while the frequency of cutting agents, as caffeine and anesthetics (lidocaine, tetracaine) increased. The high percentage of unknown were increased. Different cocaine profiling seized in 2020 showed new cutting agents, such as Irganox 1076, and Irgafos 168, indicating a trend on new adulterants/diluents introduced in the local market to mitigate the local drug shortage. Also in 2020, there was an increase in the local cocaine seizures, despite of the cocaine drug purity decreased by 26 % compared to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data showed that the covid-19 pandemics has impacted cocaine trafficking in the Brazilian Federal District, an increase in cocaine seizures, which may indicate greater demand for the drug and, specially, changes in the cocaine purity and cutting agents profiling showing how traffickers tried to minimize difficulties in crossing the Brazilian border during COVID-19 restrictions. The information is relevant since Brazil is one of the major departure points for traded cocaine to the world. Bibliometric analysis showed that Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1076 were consistently identified as cocaine cutting agents for the first time.

Comprehensive detection of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in forensic samples using carbon nanotube screen-printed electrodes.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a prevalent psychoactive substance recognized for its hallucinogenic properties, often encountered in blotter papers for illicit consumption. Given that LSD ranks among the most widely abused illicit drugs globally, its prompt identification in seized samples is vital for forensic investigations. This study presents, for the first time, an electrochemical screening method for detecting LSD in forensic samples, utilizing a multi-wall carbon nanotube screen-printed electrode (SPE-MWCNT). The LSD detection process was optimized on SPE-MWCNT in a phosphate buffer solution (0.1 mol L-1, pH 12.0) using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The combined use of SPE-MWCNT with SWV displayed robust stability in electrochemical responses for both qualitative (peak potential) and quantitative (peak current) LSD assessment, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 5% across the same or different electrodes (N = 3). A linear detection range was established between 0.16 and 40.0 µmol L-1 (R2 = 0.998), featuring a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 µmol L-1. Interference studies with twenty-three other substances, including groups of phenethylamines typically found in blotting papers (e.g., NBOHs and NBOMes) and traditional illicit drugs, were performed, revealing a highly selective response for LSD using the proposed method. Consequently, the integration of SPE-MWCNT with SWV offers a robust tool for qualitative and quantitative LSD analysis in forensic applications, providing rapid, sensitive, selective, reproducible, and straightforward preliminary identification in seized samples.

Electrochemical detection of mephedrone using a graphene screen-printed electrode: a new sensitive and selective approach to identify synthetic cathinones in forensic analysis.

Mephedrone (MEP) is an illicit stimulant drug that belongs to the synthetic cathinone (SC) class, which has been widely used for recreational purposes and reported in forensic analysis. The preliminary identification of MEP and other SCs in seized samples is of great interest for forensic investigation and a fast and simple screening test for these drugs would be useful for on-site and in-house analyses. In this study, we present the electrochemical detection of MEP in forensic samples using, for the first time, independent redox processes of SCs on a graphene screen-printed electrode (SPE-GP). The proposed method for MEP detection on the SPE-GP was optimized in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (0.1 mol L-1) at pH 10.0 with adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdSDPV). The use of the SPE-GP with AdSDPV provides a wide linear range for MEP determination (2.6 to 112 µmol L-1) with a low limit of detection (LOD) (0.3 µmol L-1). The real surface area available for adsorption on the SPE-GP was estimated to be between 3.80 and 5.70 cm2, which provided high sensitivity for the proposed method. Furthermore, good stability of MEP electrochemical responses on the SPE-GP was obtained using the same or different electrodes (N = 3), with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 5.0% for both redox processes. Interference studies for a common adulterant (caffeine) and twelve other illicit drugs (phenethylamines, amphetamines, and other SCs) were performed with a highly selective response for MEP detection. Therefore, the SPE-GP with AdSDPV is demonstrated to be a selective and sensitive screening method to detect MEP and other SCs in forensic analysis, providing a fast and simple preliminary identification of these drugs in seized samples.

Plastic antioxidants: A family of cocaine cutting agents analyzed by short column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Plastic antioxidants (PAOs), which are used in the industry to prevent degradation caused by thermo-mechanical or thermo-oxidative conditions, have been found in cocaine products seized by the Civil Police of the Federal District, Brazil, since 2019. In this study, a 4-meter short column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) qualitative method was optimized and validated to detect cocaine, PAOs (antioxidant 168, FOS; antioxidant 1076, NOX; and butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT) and 16 other cutting agents in cocaine base and salt. NOX and FOS are high-boiling-point compounds that are not amenable to the standard GC-MS methods. The method uses a 250 °C split mode injection, final temperature of 280 °C, and a total run time of 16.5 min. PAOs were found in 84.2% of the 38 cocaine base samples and in 21.5% of the 65 cocaine salt samples (mainly NOX); 20 samples that did not contain any cocaine also contained PAOs (30% NOX and 25% FOS). Other cutting agents found in the samples included phenacetin, aminopyrine, and lidocaine in cocaine base; lidocaine, tetracaine, and caffeine in cocaine salt. This is the first report of PAOs detected as cocaine cutting agents and shows another important application of the short column GC-MS method in forensic science that can also be applied in other areas involving these compounds.

Development of a simple and rapid screening method for the detection of 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine in forensic samples.

1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) is a synthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects that has often been found in seized samples. In this context, easy to use point-of-care tests can be of great value in preliminary forensic analysis. Herein, we proposed a simple, fast, and portable electrochemical method for the detection of mCPP in seized samples. The method is based on the use of disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and rapid screening procedures by square-wave voltammetry using minimal sample sizes (100 µL). mCPP showed an irreversible electrochemical oxidation process at +0.65 V on SPCE (vs Ag) using 0.04 mol L-1 Britton Robinson (BR) buffer solution (pH 7) as the supporting electrolyte. The proposed method exhibited a linear correlation (r = 0.998) between peak current and mCPP concentration in the range of 1-30 µmol L-1 (LOD = 0.1 µmol L-1). Interference studies were performed for adulterants and other classes of drugs of abuse, which can also be found in seized samples containing mCPP, such as caffeine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 1-benzylpiperazine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylone, mephedrone, ethylone and 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone. The developed method presents great potential as a rapid and simple screening tool to detect mCPP in forensic samples.

Analysis of work-related accidents and ill-health in Brazil since the introduction of the accident prevention factor.

BACKGROUND: Since 2004, Brazil has had a national policy for occupational health and safety. This policy means companies' tax burden is altered according to the numbers of work-related accidents and ill-health amongst their workers. In 2010, a multiplication factor was introduced to this policy, called the Accident Prevention Factor. The idea of this new multiplication factor is to encourage individual employers to take initiatives to prevent accidents and ill health in the workplace. This study was designed to investigate the incidence of work-related accidents and ill-health in Brazil according to their causes, their severity, and the economic activity in which they occur, and to compare the data before and after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted by analyzing the time series of work-related accidents/ill-health between 2008 and 2014 from the Brazilian social security system (Previdência Social) statistical yearbooks. Incidences were calculated per cause, economic activity, and severity of the accident/ill-health. Data from before and after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor were compared using the Mann-Whitney test per cause and per economic activity. Statistical analyses were made using the SPSS software, with significance set at 5%. RESULTS: A reduction in the incidence of work-related accidents/ill-health was found across all the groups of causes analyzed, except for the groups "external causes of morbidity and mortality" and "factors influencing health status and contact with health services." Greater reductions were found for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue and diseases of the nervous system. Reductions in work-related accidents/ill-health were found in the different economic activities and in the different severity groups. The highest reduction after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor was in manufacturing and production (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the incidence of accidents/ill-health was found to be on decline, except those with external causes of morbidity and mortality and those involving factors influencing health status and contact with health services. The biggest reduction was found in manufacturing and production. However, generally speaking progress still needs to be made in accident prevention and occupational health across a whole range of work environments.

Analysis of non-derivatized 2-(4-R-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine using short column gas chromatography - mass spectrometry.

The 25R-NBOH family is a group of thermally labile compounds that are relevant for forensic sciences and traditionally analyzed by GC-MS after derivatization - a step that is time consuming in a routine work. In this paper, the use of short analytical columns (4 and 10 m) showed to decrease compound degradation in the GC oven during chromatographic separation and to allow the analysis of non-derivatized 25R-NBOH compounds by GC-MS. A shorter column demanded a higher gas flow rate, and both factors decreased residence time of the analytes in the column and their degradation. The inlet temperature (250° C or 280°C) did not impact the response of 25R-NBOH. A 25R-NBOH fragmentation pathway by electron ionization was also presented for the first time. The GC-MS method with a 4 m column was successfully applied to other compounds of forensic interest, and it can be tested in the analysis of biological samples in toxicological investigations.

Workers' Health in Brazil: Accidents recorded by Social Security from 2008 to 2014.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the incidence of occupational accidents in Brazil, recorded by Social Security according to the geographic regions, age group, gender and their prevalence according to the causes and branch of economic activity. METHODS: ecological descriptive study with time series analysis from 2008 to 2014. Data on the beginning and end of the historical series were compared in each ecological unit studied. RESULTS: the South and Southeast regions, male, between 20 and 49 years of age presented the highest falls in incidence. 70.87% of the causes occurred in group XIX of ICD-10. The economic activity with the highest prevalence of accidents was the manufacturing industry. CONCLUSIONS: accidents at work have decreased in Brazil, however, the incidence is still high. Advances need to be made in the recording of accidents and in the prevention and surveillance of workers' health.

Artifacts Caused by Leaf-Cutting Ants of the Genus Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Postmortem Bite Injuries and the Tearing of Clothes.

Ants are one of the first insects to find an exposed cadaver and can be present during all stages of decomposition. Although these organisms are not commonly used in postmortem interval estimates, they are to be taken into account on criminal investigations involving human corpses, since they can leave bite marks that can be mistaken for antemortem or perimortem injuries, which could be misleading when ascertaining the occurrence of abuse or physical altercation during a crime. A few studies report the action of ants on human cadavers and even though leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta are frequently encountered in succession studies that use animal carcasses, there are no records of these fungus-growing species on human corpses. Atta is a genus restricted to the New World, ranging from northern Argentina to southern United States and acts as one of the most conspicuous neotropical herbivores. In this study, we report three cases of violent death that illustrate the impact of ants, especially those of the genus Atta, in a forensic setting. We compare the patterns displayed by postmortem bite injuries caused by leaf-cutter ants and other common species with less robust mandibles. We also present the capability of Atta ants to create artifacts by cutting victim's clothes in a crime scene, contributing to the knowledge of ant-mediated confounding factors in crime scene investigation.

Workers' Health in Brazil: Accidents recorded by Social Security from 2008 to 2014 / La Salud del Trabajador en Brasil: Accidentes registrados por el Seguro Social de 2008 a 2014 / A Saúde do Trabalhador no Brasil: Acidentes registrados pela Previdência Social de 2008 a 2014

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the incidence of occupational accidents in Brazil, recorded by Social Security according to the geographic regions, age group, gender and their prevalence according to the causes and branch of economic activity. Methods: ecological descriptive study with time series analysis from 2008 to 2014. Data on the beginning and end of the historical series were compared in each ecological unit studied. Results: the South and Southeast regions, male, between 20 and 49 years of age presented the highest falls in incidence. 70.87% of the causes occurred in group XIX of ICD-10. The economic activity with the highest prevalence of accidents was the manufacturing industry. Conclusions: accidents at work have decreased in Brazil, however, the incidence is still high. Advances need to be made in the recording of accidents and in the prevention and surveillance of workers' health.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la incidencia de los accidentes de trabajo en Brasil, registrados por la Seguro Social, según las regiones geográficas, grupo de edad, sexo y su prevalencia de acuerdo con las causas y rama de actividad económica. Métodos: estudio descriptivo ecológico con análisis de serie temporal en el período de 2008 a 2014. Los datos del inicio y del final de la serie histórica se compararon en cada unidad ecológica estudiada. Resultados: las regiones Sur y Sudeste, el sexo masculino, el grupo de edad entre 20 y 49 años presentaron las mayores caídas de las incidencias. El 70,87% de las causas ocurrieron en el grupo XIX de la CID-10. La actividad económica con mayor prevalencia de accidentes fue la industria de transformación. Conclusiones: los accidentes de trabajo disminuyeron en Brasil, sin embargo, la incidencia aún es alta. Se necesitan avances en el registro de los accidentes y en las acciones de prevención y de vigilancia a la salud del trabajador.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a incidência dos acidentes de trabalho no Brasil registrados pela Previdência Social, segundo as regiões geográficas, faixa etária, sexo e sua prevalência, de acordo com as causas e o ramo de atividade econômica. Métodos: estudo descritivo ecológico, com análise de série temporal no período de 2008 a 2014. Os dados do início e do final da série histórica foram comparados em cada unidade ecológica estudada. Resultados: as regiões Sul e Sudeste, o sexo masculino, a faixa etária entre 20 e 49 anos apresentaram as maiores quedas das incidências. 70,87% das causas ocorreram no grupo XIX da CID-10. A atividade econômica com maior prevalência de acidentes foi a indústria de transformação. Conclusões: os acidentes de trabalho diminuíram no Brasil, mas sua incidência ainda é alta. São necessários avanços no registro dos acidentes e nas ações de prevenção e vigilância à saúde do trabalhador.

Sexual size dimorphism in three species of forensically important blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and its implications for postmortem interval estimation.

Forensic entomologists rely on insects present in human remains to establish a minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). Blowflies have been widely used in these estimates because they lay eggs on the victim's body shortly after death and, within hours, larvae hatch and grow at predictable rates. Hence, isomegalen diagrams based on larval size and local temperature are considered good models to estimate PMImin. Still, most professional do not account for size sexual dimorphism in blowflies, which add uncertainty to predictive models by two mechanisms: (1) males and females might grow up to different sizes, and; (2) males and females might grow at different rates. In this study, we investigate sexual dimorphism and biases on the prediction of adult size in three species of blowflies (Lucilia sericata, Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria) reared under different larval densities. Estimated size range, stablished with and without sex discrimination, showed that females were larger than males in the three species. The ultimate size of adult stage, however, was more difficult to predict. C. vicina and C. vomitoria decrease as density raises but at different rates, and even males and females of the same species react differently to density increase. Adult size of L. sericata, in contrast, shows a slight increase with density. Except for C. vomitoria females, estimated size ranges are lower when species are divided by sex. Our results show that sex is an important factor to consider in PMImin estimates. Scenarios for all three species shorten their estimated size ranges when compared to databases with no sex identification. Therefore, computing data by sex raises accuracy in size based predictive models.

Ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations after implementation of the master plan in Minas Gerais.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the rate of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations in groups of cities according to population size and to analyze its association with the coverage of the Family Health Strategy after the implementation of the Master Plan for Primary Health Care in Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological study with 452 cities grouped according to population size, with data from 2004 to 2007 and 2010 to 2013. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to verify the distribution of the data in the groups. We used the Wilcoxon test for paired data or the paired Student's t-test to compare the rate of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations before and after the Master Plan for Primary Health Care. We used the simple linear regression test to analyze the association between variables. We performed statistical analyses using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The rate of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations decreased significantly after the Master Plan for Primary Health Care in the large and mid-sized groups (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations between coverage with Family Health Strategy and the rate of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations in the mid-sized and large groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Actions were carried out to implement the Master Plan for Primary Health Care. However, more investments are needed to improve the effectiveness of the Primary Health Care, with permanent confrontation of complex issues that affect the quality of services, which can lead to a significant reduction of the rates of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations.

Ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations after implementation of the master plan in Minas Gerais / Internações sensíveis à atenção primária após implantação do Plano Diretor em Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the rate of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations in groups of cities according to population size and to analyze its association with the coverage of the Family Health Strategy after the implementation of the Master Plan for Primary Health Care in Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS This is an ecological study with 452 cities grouped according to population size, with data from 2004 to 2007 and 2010 to 2013. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to verify the distribution of the data in the groups. We used the Wilcoxon test for paired data or the paired Student's t-test to compare the rate of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations before and after the Master Plan for Primary Health Care. We used the simple linear regression test to analyze the association between variables. We performed statistical analyses using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS The rate of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations decreased significantly after the Master Plan for Primary Health Care in the large and mid-sized groups (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations between coverage with Family Health Strategy and the rate of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations in the mid-sized and large groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Actions were carried out to implement the Master Plan for Primary Health Care. However, more investments are needed to improve the effectiveness of the Primary Health Care, with permanent confrontation of complex issues that affect the quality of services, which can lead to a significant reduction of the rates of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a taxa de internação por condição sensível à atenção primária à saúde em grupos de municípios conforme o porte populacional e analisar sua associação com a cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família após a implantação do Plano Diretor da Atenção Primária à Saúde em Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico com agrupamento de 452 municípios segundo o porte populacional, comparando dados de 2004 a 2007 e 2010 a 2013. O teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov foi utilizado para verificar a distribuição dos dados nos grupos. O teste de Wilcoxon para dados pareados ou teste t Student pareado foi usado para comparação da taxa de internação por condição sensível à atenção primária à saúde antes e após o Plano Diretor da Atenção Primária à Saúde. O teste de regressão linear simples foi utilizado para analisar a associação entre as variáveis. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas pelo Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS A taxa de internação por condição sensível à atenção primária à saúde diminuiu significativamente após o Plano Diretor da Atenção Primária à Saúde no grupo com grande e médio porte populacional (p < 0,05). Houve correlações positivas entre a cobertura com Estratégia Saúde da Família e a taxa de internação por condição sensível à atenção primária à saúde nos grupos com porte populacional médio e grande (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES Foram empreendidos esforços com a implantação do Plano Diretor da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Entretanto, é preciso que mais investimentos sejam realizados para contribuir para a melhoria da efetividade da Atenção Primária à Saúde, com enfrentamento permanente de questões complexas que incidem sobre a qualidade dos serviços, gerando redução significativa das taxas de internação por condição sensível à atenção primária à saúde.

25I-NBOH: a new potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist identified in blotter paper seizures in Brazil.

A new potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist was identified in blotter papers by several state level forensic laboratories in Brazil. The 25I-NBOH is a labile molecule, which fragments into 2C-I when analyzed by routine seized material screening gas chromatography (GC) methods. GC-mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-MS, and Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses were performed to complete molecular characterization. Individual doses range from 300 to 1000 µg. Despite its being a potent 5-HT2A receptor agonist, 25I-NBOH is neither registered in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) nor classified as a scheduled substance in most countries. Sweden and Brazil seem to be the only countries to control 25I-NBOH. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific report dealing with identification of 25I-NBOH in actual seizures.

Processos organizacionais na Estratégia Saúde da Família: uma análise pelos enfermeiros / Organizational processes in the Family Health Strategy: an analysis conducted by nurses

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os processos organizativos das equipes de Saúde da Família após implantação do Plano Diretor da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos Este estudo transversal foi realizado na cidade de Unaí , no estado de Minas Gerais , Brasil. Um questionário do tipo Likert foi utilizado para coleta de dados e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi aplicado para análise, com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Foram identificados melhores resultados para as dimensões saúde da criança, mulher, contrato de gestão e sistemas de informação. Nas dimensões princípios da Atenção Primária à Saúde, diagnóstico, programação local, acolhimento e classificação de risco, abordagem familiar, relacionamento com a comunidade, redes de atenção à saúde, monitoramento, prontuário saúde da família e apoio diagnóstico, os resultados foram insatisfatórios. Nas dimensões princípios da Atenção Primária à Saúde, programação local, monitoramento, saúde da mulher e criança houve diferença estatística. Conclusão Há necessidade de maiores investimentos na organização das equipes, principalmente com relação aos processos organizativos ligados à gestão.

Abstract Objective To analyze the organizational processes of Family Health teams after implementing the Plan Director for Primary Health Care. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Unai, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A Likert questionnaire was used for data collection and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for analysis, with a 5 % significance level. Results Better results were identified for the dimensions of maternal and child health, management contract and information systems. Unsatisfactory results were found in the dimensions: principles of primary health care, diagnosis, local programming, welcoming approach, risk classification, family approach, and relationship with the community, health care networks, monitoring, family health medical charts and diagnostic support. A statistically significant difference was identified in the dimensions principles of primary healthcare, local programming, monitoring, women’s and child health. Conclusion Further investment is needed in team organization, particularly regarding organizational processes related to management.

The benefits and challenges of the Family Health Strategy in Brazilian Primary Health care: a literature review. / Contribuições e desafios da Estratégia Saúde da Família na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil: revisão da literatura.

The aim of this study was to analyze what contributions the Family Health Strategy has made towards the development of primary healthcare in Brazil, and what challenges it faces. A literature review was conducted and articles were analyzed from three dimensions: political/institutional, organizational, and technical/healthcare. In the first dimension, the Family Health Strategy was found to have helped expand primary healthcare, the institutionalization of evaluations, and the promotion of equity. The main challenges identified were funding, the training, education, and management of personnel, and cross-sectoral action. In terms of organization, the benefits include a broader supply of services, access to health services through organized initiatives for specific diseases or age groups, and more comprehensive healthcare. The challenges involve access, the entry point, integration with the healthcare network, planning, and social participation. As for technical/healthcare considerations, the main benefits identified were the fostering of multidisciplinary working practices, family focus, reception, rapport, humanization, community orientation, production of care, and performance. The challenges for its improvement are associated with complex factors and require greater political/institutional effort.

Contribuições e desafios da Estratégia Saúde da Família na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil: revisão da literatura / The benefits and challenges of the Family Health Strategy in Brazilian Primary Health care: a literature review

Resumo O estudo analisou as contribuições e os desafios da Estratégia Saúde da Família no desenvolvimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde do Brasil. Foi realizada revisão de literatura e análise de artigos segundo as dimensões: político-institucional, organizativa e técnico-assistencial. Na primeira dimensão, destacaram-se contribuições para a expansão dos cuidados primários, institucionalização da avaliação e promoção da equidade; e desafios relacionados ao financiamento, formação/educação/gestão de pessoal e à intersetorialidade. Verificou-se ampliação da oferta de serviços, contato por ações programáticas e favorecimento da integralidade da atenção na dimensão organizativa; e desafios ligados ao acesso, porta de entrada, integração à rede de serviços, planejamento e participação social. Na dimensão técnico-assistencial observaram-se benefícios para o trabalho multidisciplinar, enfoque familiar, acolhimento, vínculo, humanização, orientação comunitária, produção do cuidado e desempenho. Os desafios para seu aprimoramento estão condicionados a fatores complexos e exigem maior esforço político-institucional.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze what contributions the Family Health Strategy has made towards the development of primary healthcare in Brazil, and what challenges it faces. A literature review was conducted and articles were analyzed from three dimensions: political/institutional, organizational, and technical/healthcare. In the first dimension, the Family Health Strategy was found to have helped expand primary healthcare, the institutionalization of evaluations, and the promotion of equity. The main challenges identified were funding, the training, education, and management of personnel, and cross-sectoral action. In terms of organization, the benefits include a broader supply of services, access to health services through organized initiatives for specific diseases or age groups, and more comprehensive healthcare. The challenges involve access, the entry point, integration with the healthcare network, planning, and social participation. As for technical/healthcare considerations, the main benefits identified were the fostering of multidisciplinary working practices, family focus, reception, rapport, humanization, community orientation, production of care, and performance. The challenges for its improvement are associated with complex factors and require greater political/institutional effort.